Iyunithi yokupholisa ye-thermoelectric, i-peltier cooler (ekwaziwa ngokuba zizinto zokupholisa ze-thermoelectric) zizixhobo zokupholisa ezisemgangathweni oqinileyo ezisekelwe kwisiphumo sePeltier. Zineengenelo zokungashukumi ngoomatshini, ukungabi nafriji, ubungakanani obuncinci, impendulo ekhawulezayo, kunye nolawulo lobushushu oluchanekileyo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, usetyenziso lwazo kwi-elektroniki yabathengi, unyango, iimoto kunye nezinye iinkalo luye lwaqhubeka nokwanda.
I. Imigaqo ephambili yenkqubo yokupholisa ye-thermoelectric kunye nezinto zayo
Isiseko sokupholisa nge-thermoelectric sisiphumo sePeltier: xa izinto ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ze-semiconductor (uhlobo lwe-P kunye nohlobo lwe-N) zenza isibini se-thermocouple kwaye kusetyenziswa umsinga othe ngqo, elinye icala lesibini se-thermocouple liya kutsala ubushushu (isiphelo sokupholisa), kwaye elinye icala liya kukhulula ubushushu (isiphelo sokusasaza ubushushu). Ngokutshintsha indlela yomsinga, isiphelo sokupholisa kunye nesiphelo sokusasaza ubushushu sinokutshintshiswana.
Ukusebenza kwayo kokupholisa kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwiiparameter ezintathu eziphambili:
I-thermoelectric coefficient of merit (ixabiso le-ZT): Luphawu oluphambili lokuvavanya ukusebenza kwezixhobo ze-thermoelectric. Okukhona ixabiso le-ZT liphezulu, kokukhona ukusebenza kakuhle kokupholisa kuphezulu.
Umahluko wobushushu phakathi kweziphelo ezishushu nezibandayo: Isiphumo sokusasaza ubushushu kwiphelo lokusasaza ubushushu simisela ngokuthe ngqo amandla okupholisa kwiphelo lokupholisa. Ukuba ukusasaza ubushushu akugudi, umahluko wobushushu phakathi kweziphelo ezishushu nezibandayo uya kuncipha, kwaye ukusebenza kakuhle kokupholisa kuya kwehla kakhulu.
Umbane osebenzayo: Ngaphakathi koluhlu olulinganisiweyo, ukonyuka kombane kwandisa amandla okupholisa. Nangona kunjalo, xa umda udlulile, ukusebenza kakuhle kuya kuncipha ngenxa yokwanda kobushushu beJoule.
II Imbali yophuhliso kunye nophuhliso lwetekhnoloji lweeyunithi zokupholisa ze-thermoelectric (inkqubo yokupholisa ye-peltier)
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uphuhliso lwezinto zokupholisa ezisebenzisa i-thermoelectric lugxile kwiindlela ezimbini eziphambili: ukuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha kunye nokulungiswa kwesakhiwo.
Uphando kunye nophuhliso lwezixhobo ze-thermoelectric ezisebenza kakuhle
Ixabiso le-ZT lezinto zemveli ezisekelwe kwiBi₂Te₃ linyuswe laya kwi-1.2-1.5 ngokusebenzisa i-doping (efana ne-Sb, i-Se) kunye nonyango lwe-nanoscale.
Izinto ezintsha ezifana ne-lead telluride (PbTe) kunye ne-silicon-germanium alloy (SiGe) zisebenza kakuhle kakhulu kwiimeko zobushushu obuphakathi nobushushu obuphezulu (200 ukuya ku-500℃).
Izinto ezintsha ezifana nezixhobo ze-thermoelectric ezidityanisiweyo ze-organic-inorganic kunye ne-topological insulators kulindeleke ukuba zinciphise iindleko kwaye ziphucule ukusebenza kakuhle.
Ukulungiswa kolwakhiwo lwecandelo
Uyilo lweMiniaturization: Lungisa ii-thermopiles ze-micron-scale ngokusebenzisa itekhnoloji ye-MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ze-miniaturization ze-elektroniki zabathengi.
Ukuhlanganiswa kweModular: Qhagamshela iiyunithi ezininzi zethermoelectric ezilandelelanayo okanye ezihambelanayo ukuze kwenziwe iimodyuli zokupholisa zethermoelectric ezinamandla aphezulu, ii-peltier coolers, izixhobo zepeltier, ezihlangabezana neemfuno zokupholisa zethermoelectric ezikumgangatho wezoshishino.
Ulwakhiwo oludibeneyo lokusasaza ubushushu: Hlanganisa amaphiko okupholisa kunye namaphiko okusasaza ubushushu kunye nemibhobho yobushushu ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokusasaza ubushushu kunye nokunciphisa umthamo uwonke.
III Iimeko eziqhelekileyo zokusetyenziswa kweeyunithi zokupholisa ze-thermoelectric, izixhobo zokupholisa ze-thermoelectric
Eyona nzuzo inkulu yeeyunithi zokupholisa ze-thermoelectric zikwimeko yazo eqinileyo, ukusebenza kwazo ngaphandle kwengxolo, kunye nolawulo oluchanekileyo lobushushu. Ke ngoko, zibambe indawo engenakutshintshwa kwiimeko apho ii-compressors zingafanelekanga ukupholisa.
Kwicandelo le-elektroniki yabathengi
Ukusasazwa kobushushu kwifowuni ephathwayo: Iifowuni zemidlalo ezikumgangatho ophezulu zixhotyiswe ngeemodyuli zokupholisa ze-micro thermoelectric, iimodyuli ze-TEC, izixhobo ze-peltier, iimodyuli ze-peltier, ezithi, xa zidibene neenkqubo zokupholisa ulwelo, zinciphise ngokukhawuleza ubushushu be-chip, zithintele ukunciphisa imvamisa ngenxa yokushisa kakhulu ngexesha lokudlala.
Iifriji zeemoto, Iifriji zeemoto: Iifriji zeemoto ezincinci zisebenzisa iteknoloji yokupholisa ye-thermoelectric, edibanisa imisebenzi yokupholisa kunye nokufudumeza (ukufudumeza kunokufezekiswa ngokutshintsha indlela yangoku). Zincinci ngobukhulu, azisebenzisi kakhulu amandla, kwaye ziyahambelana nombane we-12V wemoto.
Ikomityi yokupholisa yesiselo/ikomityi efakwe i-insulation: Ikomityi yokupholisa ephathekayo inepleyiti yokupholisa encinci eyakhelwe ngaphakathi, ekwaziyo ukupholisa iziselo ngokukhawuleza ukuya kuma-5 ukuya kwi-15 degrees Celsius ngaphandle kokuxhomekeka kwifriji.
2. Amacandelo ezonyango nawebhayoloji
Izixhobo zokulawula ubushushu ezichanekileyo: ezifana nezixhobo ze-PCR (izixhobo ze-polymerase chain reaction) kunye neefriji zegazi, zifuna indawo ezinzileyo enobushushu obuphantsi. Izixhobo zokufriji ze-semiconductor zinokufikelela kulawulo lobushushu oluchanekileyo ngaphakathi kwe-±0.1℃, kwaye akukho mngcipheko wongcoliseko lwefriji.
Izixhobo zonyango eziphathekayo: ezifana neebhokisi zokukhenkcisa i-insulin, ezincinci ngobukhulu kwaye zisebenza ixesha elide ngebhetri, zifanelekile ukuba izigulana ezinesifo seswekile ziziphathe xa ziphuma, ukuqinisekisa ubushushu bokugcina i-insulin.
Ulawulo lobushushu bezixhobo ze-laser: Izinto eziphambili zezixhobo zonyango lwe-laser (ezifana ne-laser) zinobuthathaka kubushushu, kwaye izinto zokupholisa ze-semiconductor zinokususa ubushushu ngexesha langempela ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzileyo kwezixhobo.
3. Amasimi emizi-mveliso kunye neendiza
Izixhobo zokukhenkceza ezincinci zoshishino: ezifana namagumbi okuvavanya ukuguga kwezinto ze-elektroniki kunye neebhafu zobushushu ezingaguqukiyo zesixhobo esichanekileyo, ezifuna indawo yobushushu obuphantsi, iiyunithi zokupholisa ze-thermoelectric, izixhobo ze-thermoelectric zinokwenziwa ngokwezifiso ngamandla okukhenkceza njengoko kufuneka.
Izixhobo zeenqwelo-moya: Izixhobo ze-elektroniki kwi-spacecraft zinobunzima bokuchitha ubushushu kwindawo engenamoya. Iinkqubo zokupholisa ze-thermoelectric, iiyunithi zokupholisa ze-thermoelectric, izinto ze-thermoelectric, njengezixhobo ze-solid-state, zithembeke kakhulu kwaye azingcangcazeli, kwaye zingasetyenziselwa ukulawula ubushushu bezixhobo ze-elektroniki kwi-satellites nakwizikhululo ze-space.
4. Ezinye iimeko ezivelayo
Izixhobo ezinokunxitywa: Iihelmethi zokupholisa ezikrelekrele kunye neesuti zokupholisa, ezineepleyiti zokupholisa ze-thermoelectric eziguquguqukayo ezakhelwe ngaphakathi, zinokubonelela ngokupholisa kwasekhaya emzimbeni womntu kwiindawo ezinobushushu obuphezulu kwaye zifanelekile kubasebenzi bangaphandle.
Izinto ezisetyenziswa kwimixokelelwane ebandayo: Iibhokisi ezincinci zokupakisha imixokelelwane ebandayo, ezisebenza ngokupholisa ngobushushu, ukupholisa kwe-peltier kunye neebhetri, zingasetyenziselwa ukuthutha imigonyo kunye nemveliso emitsha kumgama omfutshane ngaphandle kokuxhomekeka kwiilori ezinkulu ezifrijiweyo.
IV. Imida kunye neMikhwa yoPhuhliso lweeyunithi zokupholisa ze-thermoelectric, izixhobo zokupholisa ze-peltier
Imida ekhoyo
Ukusebenza kakuhle kokupholisa kuphantsi kakhulu: Umlinganiselo wayo wokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla (i-COP) uhlala uphakathi kwe-0.3 kunye ne-0.8, nto leyo iphantsi kakhulu kuneyokupholisa i-compressor (i-COP ingafikelela kwi-2 ukuya kwi-5), kwaye ayifanelekanga kwiimeko zokupholisa ezinkulu nezinomthamo ophezulu.
Iimfuneko zokusasaza ubushushu obuphezulu: Ukuba ubushushu obukwisiphelo sokusasaza ubushushu abunakukhutshelwa ngexesha, buya kuyichaphazela kakhulu impembelelo yokupholisa. Ke ngoko, kufuneka buxhotyiswe ngenkqubo yokusasaza ubushushu esebenzayo, ethintela ukusetyenziswa kwezinye iimeko ezincinci.
Ixabiso eliphezulu: Iindleko zokulungiselela izixhobo ze-thermoelectric ezisebenza kakuhle (ezifana ne-nano-doped Bi₂Te₃) ziphezulu kunezo zezixhobo zefriji zemveli, nto leyo ebangela ixabiso eliphezulu lezixhobo zexabiso eliphezulu.
2. Iindlela zophuhliso lwexesha elizayo
Uphuhliso lwezinto: Phuhlisa izixhobo zombane ezixabisa kancinci nezinexabiso eliphezulu ze-ZT, ngenjongo yokunyusa ixabiso le-ZT lobushushu begumbi ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-2.0 kunye nokunciphisa umsantsa wokusebenza ngokufaka ifriji yecompressor.
Ukuguquguquka nokudibanisa: Phuhlisa iimodyuli zokupholisa ze-thermoelectric eziguquguqukayo, iimodyuli ze-TEC, iimodyuli ze-thermoelectric, izixhobo ze-peltier, iimodyuli ze-peltier, ii-cooler ze-peltier, ukuze zilungelelaniswe nezixhobo ezigobileyo (ezifana neefowuni eziphathwayo zesikrini esiguquguqukayo kunye nezixhobo ezinxibekayo ezikrelekrele); Khuthaza ukudityaniswa kwezinto zokupholisa ze-thermoelectric kunye neetships kunye neesensa ukuze kufezekiswe "ulawulo lobushushu olukwinqanaba le-chip".
Uyilo lokonga amandla: Ngokudibanisa itekhnoloji ye-Intanethi yezinto (iot), ukuqalisa okukrelekrele kunye nokulawula amandla ezinto zokupholisa kuyafezekiswa, okunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngokubanzi.
Isishwankathelo V.
Iiyunithi zokupholisa ze-thermoelectric, iiyunithi zokupholisa ze-peltier, iinkqubo zokupholisa ze-thermoelectric, kunye neenzuzo zazo ezikhethekileyo zokuba ziqinile, zithule kwaye zilawulwa ngokuchanekileyo kubushushu, zithatha indawo ebalulekileyo kwimimandla efana ne-elektroniki yabathengi, unyango kunye ne-aerospace. Ngokuphuculwa okuqhubekayo kwetekhnoloji yezinto ze-thermoelectric kunye noyilo lwesakhiwo, imiba yokusebenza kwayo kokupholisa kunye neendleko ziya kuphucuka kancinci kancinci, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba ithathe indawo yetekhnoloji yokupholisa yendabuko kwiimeko ezithile kwixesha elizayo.
Ixesha leposi: Disemba-12-2025
